Epistemological Differences of Data, Information, Knowledge, Insighte and Wisdom

I think the best example to show the difference between all these epistemological elements lie in statistics, which in my case, marks statistics:

1. You collect student marks. That is DATA (HISS).

2. You arrange them in various ways; ascending order, in tables etc. so that a pattern can emerge and inform you about how the students perform. This is INFORMATION (MA'LUMĀT).

3. You use the information to come up with a general/universal/abstract approximation of how the students perform. This approximation can be in the form of the statistical mean, median, or mode. This is KNOWLEDGE ('ILM).

But knowledge can be beneficial, useful, harmful to you, or harmful to everyone. If finding the mean spurs you into positive action to improve student understanding, this is BENEFICIAL KNOWLEDGE. If it doesn't spur you into action, this is USELESS KNOWLEDGE. If it is used by school leaders as currency for blame game henceforth affecting your confidence to teach, and subsequently lead to poorer teaching methods, this is HARMFUL KNOWLEDGE.

4. You use the statistical mean to improve your teaching practices consistently over a period of time, such that it becomes a habit of mind (malakah). As you use them, you gradually become enlightened as to why and how you use them in different situations. For instance, you know that in some particular cases, the knowledge of the statistical mean would not be useful to inform you about your lesson delivery. This is INSIGHT (HADS).

5. With experienced application of the statistical mean as part of your teaching practices, it dawned upon you on how exactly you would apply them in different situations such that only positive outcomes get produced. This is WISDOM (HIKMAH).

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